An advanced education would only make Mexican Americans dissatisfied with farm labor, some white educators reasoned. For Marcus, the key would be to prove not that segregation was wrong, but that Latino students were white and being discriminated against. The best way to understand segregation today in California is the isolation of the combined population of Latinos and African Americans from the combined population of whites and Asians. A quantitative examination of the impacts of Mendez can also illuminate the potentially enormous benefits of integrating schools today, when Hispanic students remain among the most likely to be segregated. But the Mndezes immediately rejected his offer. Mexican Americans were forced to sit in movie theater balconies. Every student in the school walked out, picked up placards that had been made in advance, and marched downtown to protest. told Times columnist Sandy Banks in 2012. a May report from the UCLA-based Civil Rights Project, laid out in detail by author Jonathan Kozol, 19 cafes that make L.A. a world-class coffee destination, Shocking, impossible gas bills push restaurants to the brink of closures, The chance of a lifetime: Five friends ski the tallest mountain in Los Angeles, Im visiting all 600 L.A. spots on the National Register. We had what we needed and for most kids, we were satisfied," said Jesse Rider. Rather, enrollment decisions were based entirely on last names and skin color, as evidenced by the experience of the Mndez children and their cousins. Side by side, but worlds apart in Alabama: Mountain Brook High School (left) and Fultondale High School in Jefferson County Many Anglo educators did not expect, or encourage, Chicano students to advance beyond the eighth grade. Segregated schools were declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1954. In 1970, the NAACP sued the state of Michigan; its lawyers argued that Detroit's schools were still unofficially segregated more than 15 years after Brown v. Busing turned some young African Americans into pioneers, and it was challenging. If a man has very much sense or education either, he is not going to stick to this kind of work. We estimate an increase of almost 0.9 years of schooling for Hispanics in the cohorts that started school after Mendez relative to cohorts born 10 years prior. NPR sent photographers to several of them across the country to document the stark differences across these borders. On Feb. 18, 1946, U.S. District Judge Paul McCormick of Los Angeles ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. All spoke fluent English, as did many of the other children who attended the Hoover School. In Santa Ana, Calif.one of the districts named in theMndezdesegregation lawsuit more than 60 years agoa school opened in the fall of 2000 honoring Gonzalo and Felcitas Mndez, two civil rights pioneers in the continuing struggle to provide equal educational opportunities for all of Americas children. But this educational rationalization for segregation was undermined by the testimony of 9-year-old Sylvia, 8-year-old Gonzalo and 7-year-old Geronimo Mndez. California has had an extremely dramatic increase in the segregation of Latinos, who on average attended schools that were 54 percent white in 1970, but now attend schools that are 84 percent nonwhite. And that little girl was me, Harris said in the first Democratic debate to candidate Joe Biden. Like California's other racial minorities, Mexican Americans began to challenge school segregation. Preston Gannaway for NPR "You know immediately when you've left Garden City and you're in Hempstead," Gross explains. Milliken illustrated: While the state of New York allocates more money per student in Hempstead (left), it's not enough to make up the difference in local revenue that helps pay for schools in Garden City (right). "They have far more flexibility to generate additional tax dollars," says Jefferson County Superintendent Craig Pouncey. Though the state of Alabama allocates more money almost $1,000 more per student to schools in Jefferson County, it's not enough to make up the difference in funding between the two districts. High school students hurl racial and ethnic epithets at their peers . However, white students and students of color are unevenly distributed across schools, and these differences affect their experiences in schools and classrooms. Dedicated on September 6, 1935, the Westminster School in Orange County is a one-story complex, designed by J. E. Allison and constructed of stucco with a composition tile roof. Discrimination prevented them from getting jobs in restaurants, department stores and even many factories, making it extremely difficult for them to advance economically. We have excommunication and we have integration. When a pebble is tossed into a pond, a series of ripples is sent out across the water, growing from where the original pebble went into the water. California remains the sixth most segregated state in the country for Black students (PDF), according to the interim report published by the state reparations task force in June. Finally, the trial date arrived. We could even try on shoes and hats before we bought them. The report also makes clear that New York is experiencing an acceleration of demographic changes outlined in the earlier 2014 report. Despite an increase in the number of public school students since the late 1960s, there are almost 11 million fewer white children in public schools nearly 50 years later. Where desegregation is simply not possible, we spell out important things that can be done to make opportunity more equal in segregated schools, and to offer students more choices. He became the first African American student to attend the white Bogalusa Junior High School in 1967 and remembers how he had one foot in each world, but was increasingly alienated from both: And I caught a lot of slack, like, from the black community, because they used to say, Oh, you think youre something because youre going to the white school. They didnt know I was catching holy hell at the white school. He teaches tap dancing and has two superior daughters. The high courts more recent actions undermined efforts in some Southern cities, such as Charlotte, N.C., where school desegregation had arguably borne fruit. As an extension, we also examine impacts on non-Hispanic whites and find evidence of a slight decline in educational attainment of non-Hispanic whites in birth cohorts that began school after Mendez in counties that were more likely to be segregated. Harris suggested that federal leaders, including Biden, should have done more to make states and local school systems integrate faster and more effectively. Jesse Neider for NPR This is quite a substantial increase given that the latter group only attained about 9.2 years of education on average. At the time, more than 80 percent of school districts in California with large Mexican populations practiced segregation. In Nebraska, 90 minutes from Omaha, residents in David City and Schuyler have close median household incomes and their schools have similar poverty rates. Principals dont seem quite sure, Class Notes: The cost of the biological clock, standardized tests, and more. Furthermore, Ogle maintained, there were sound educational and social advantages to segregated schooling. However, Im encouraged by the fact that white isolation has decreased in recent years, as the public school enrollment has become more diverse. The idea was that schools for all students would improve if white students had to share the fate of black students. In contrast, segregation policy in California was primarily decided at the local level, and official documentation of school segregation does not exist during the period of our study. Read more about that case here. The massive effort to desegregate public schools across the United States was a major goal of the Civil Rights Movement. As one school superintendent in Texas told his fellow educators, You have doubtless heard that ignorance is bliss; it seems that it is so when one has to transplant onions. However, Mendez set an important precedent in the argument that the doctrine of separate but equal violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendmentan issue that would resurface a few years later in the Brown case. Many parks, hotels, dance halls, stores, eateries and barbershops were off-limits [to Mexican Americans]. If a particular venue was open to Mexican Americans, like a movie theater, they often had to sit in a designated area away from the Anglos. ", Graduation Day: The Classes of 2019 from New Britain High School (left) and Berlin High School had different high school experiences. Recent research illustrates that its positive impact on the educational attainment, lifetime earnings and health of African American families persists for multiple generations. The highest percentage of predominantly single-race schools in the 2020/21 school year were found not in the South, but in the Northeast and Midwest, according to a study by the U.S. Government . Talia Herman for NPR Understanding the impacts of the Mendez decision is critical to understanding the experience and present circumstances of the Latino/Hispanic community, which now makes up about one-fifth of the U.S. population and an even larger share of the U.S. public school population. Since the 1930s, lawyers from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had strategized to bring local lawsuits to court, arguing that separate was not equal and that every child, regardless of race, deserved a first-class education. Describe what it means that Westminster was comprised of two separate worlds.. Desegregation efforts since then have used a variety of tools to try to overcome patterns of segregation that persist. In the early 1900s, Mexican Americans, or Chicanos, in California and the Southwest were excluded from Whites Only theaters, parks, swimming pools, restaurants and even schools. Highlighted vocabulary will appear in both printed versions. This is what they saw. Lawrence Guyot, who later became a leader in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, grew up in Pass Christian, a city on the Mississippi Gulf Coast that was influenced by the strong labor unions in the shipyard industry and the Catholic Church. In the end, an appellate court narrowed Judge McCormicks decision to apply solely to Latino students in the specific districts listed in the lawsuit. New Britain, a city in the center of Connecticut, is one of the state's Alliance Districts. An opportunity to overturnPlessywould have to wait. Berlin School District less than 15 minutes away, by car still has over $5,000 more to spend than New Britain schools, per student in the district. I was one of many children in the South who attended desegregated schools during this time period. The first African American students to attend Plymouth Elementary School in Monrovia arrive by bus on Sept. 10, 1970. Marshall and two of his colleagues from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) submitted anamicus curiaefriend of the courtbrief in the appellate case. hide caption. Alex Matzke for NPR If so, it seems likely that desegregation efforts after the Mendez decision affected student outcomes. I had no friends, you know. Forty-five years ago, the Supreme Court ruled in Milliken v. Bradley that school districts don't have to integrate across district lines. Jesse Neider for NPR The racist underpinnings of such Americanization programs became apparent when James L. Kent, the superintendent of the Garden Grove School District, took the stand. What were your strategies? The fact that the Mndezes were fairly prosperous tenant farmers did not make them any more acceptable to the mainstream community. The school building, which is now used as a community service center, is a landmark in the historic case of Mendez v. We have to act swiftly.. Immigrants from Mexico waged many battles against such discriminatory treatment, often risking their jobs in fields and factories and enduring threats of deportation. We felt like we had a responsibility to represent the inner city, added Peggy Harris, also in the class of 76. Gonzalo and Felcitas Mndez knew well the difficult life of field laborers. The decision was based partly on an assumption that Latino students didnt speak English well enough to be integrated into mainstream schools although few were given assessments and many were born in the United States. School desegregation brings to mind famous photos of African-American children integrating classrooms after the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. The authors conclude that California is the third worst state when it comes to school segregation for African Americans, behind New York and Illinois. This striking change over a relatively short period of time suggests that major milestones, such as junior high school and high school completion, may have also been affected. However, segregated schools still existed until recently. In the fall of 1944, Soledad Vidaurri took her children and those of her brother, Gonzalo Mndez, to enroll at the 17th Street School in Westminster, California. We cant do it without you. School desegregation brings to mind famous photos of African-American children integrating classrooms after the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. Its not clear that local courts would do anything to force the district to continue the magnet effort. They did it this way. In the trial, experts testified that segregation impaired the students from learning English and becoming Americanized, and had a psychological impact by being a constant insinuationof inferiority. In the civil rights era, nearly 80% of public school students were white, and African American students were the largest group among students of color. In nearly 1,000 communities, according to EdBuild, one school district directly abuts a district that differs dramatically by racial makeup and spending per student. t. e. School segregation in the United States is the separation of students based on their ethnicity. The idea was to substitute poverty for race in desegregation, in large measure because poverty closely tracked race. Such Americanization programs benefited both Anglos and Mexicans, Ogle argued. But segregation has spread beyond central cities. State Sen. Josh Newman has introduced legislation which, if passed, would require all K-12 schools in California to have at least one gender neutral restroom - the first of its kind in the . The South was historically the most integrated part of the country and still is. If I had it to do all over again, I would do it exactly the same way. Separate but equalthe underpinning of Plessy v. Fergusonwas technically still the law of the land. California is the most segregated for Latinos, where 58% attend intensely segregated schools, and the typical Latino student is in a school with only 15% white classmates. Now it was up to the courts to decide if the Latino men and women who helped Californias agricultural economy grow and thrive were entitled to the same rights as those who prospered from their labor. He said Mexicans should be segregated like pigs in pigpens, she recalled. August 29, 2013 at 3:49 p.m. EDT. Both thought of themselves as Americans and told their children they were Americans. Two reports on the effects of school segregation and how to address them came out Tuesday, almost exactly a year after the state argued that the school system would need to be "rebuilt brick by . But warmer storms could cause problems. Reread the paragraph that begins, Even if it would not rewrite. Explain the following comparison in your own words: Like a pebble tossed into a pond, the legal victory sent ripples of change throughout the Southwest.. Executive Summary At the time, neither really considered the full impact of their legal victory; they were content just to have righted a wrong in their community and to have protected their childrens future. Worn down by his persistence, the school superintendent finally agreed to make an exception for the Mndez children and admit them to the Anglo school. Read papers in the original Brown Center Chalkboard series , As we tackle school segregation, dont forget about English Learner students, The benefits of Hispanic student-teacher matching for AP courses, Connecting schools and communities can restore hope in the possibility of change in Lebanon, Survey: What purpose do suspensions serve? The NAACP and other groups eagerly waited for Orange County school officials to file an appeal that would bring the case before the U.S. Supreme Court. They were typically segregated. "What I'm talking about here specifically is housing segregation.". Most of the men and women working in those fields were first- and second-generation immigrants from Mexico who were employed by white ranchers. But their dark-skinned cousins would have to register at the Hoover School, the towns Mexican school located a few blocks away. Scenes from Oakland: Ne'Jahra Soriano, 16, recently left the Oakland schools for nearby Emery High School, which she says has more resources. Overall, our findings indicate a substantial long-run educational benefit to Hispanic students stemming from desegregation. By that time, Gonzalo had a reputation in the county as a champion orange picker, and he commanded a slightly higher wage than other field workers. White students are no longer the state's majority group . The most segregated districts are in the Los Angeles-Inland Empire Region. Studies looking at the desegregation of Black students frequently rely on data from the American South, where official data document enrollment for Black and white children in separate schools. These issues came back to life at the Democratic presidential debate. States and school districts did little to reduce segregation, and schools remained almost completely segregated until 1968, after Congressional passage of civil rights legislation. Felcitas continued to live in Southern California until her death in 1998. Bidens position, arguing for a limited federal role in enforcing integration, was a justification that Southern states adopted in trying to thwart the Supreme Courts mandate. The Westminster School District was not alone in discriminating against Chicano students. In fact, by one of our measures, California is now the state in which Latinos are the most segregated, making them the most isolated group in the states schools and becoming more so. I have been studying school segregation and desegregation for more than a decade and also assist communities in addressing segregation. When they realized that the local white high school indeed had everything they had imagined, the seeds were planted for a student-led protest. Here are 10 you cant miss, Review: A reimagined Secret Garden fails to flower anew at the Ahmanson Theatre, The Colorado River is overused and shrinking. If a school were perfectly integrated, students exposure to students of other races would match the national racial composition of students. Three years before Brown v. Board in November 1951, students in a civics class at the segregated black Adkin High School in Kinston, North Carolina, discussed what features an ideal school should have for a class assignment. It has been finalized and re-published. hide caption, Photographer Wes Frazer lives in Birmingham, Ala. NPR sent photographers to locations across the country to document the stark differences between school districts right next to each other. In 1954, the Supreme Court declared segregation was unconstitutional. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that later ended legal segregation in all public schools nationwide used some of the arguments used in the Mendez case. A small frame building at the edge of a muddy cow pasture, the Hoover School stood in stark contrast to the sleek 17th Street School, with its handsome green lawns and playing fields. In recent decades, an increasingly conservative Supreme Court has unwound the imperative to desegregate. Across the country, racist housing policies created segregated neighborhoods. Considering those precedents, local school boards decided to create separate schools for Mexican children as well. Both Felcitas and Gonzalo were forced to abandon their education in grade school in order to support their families. Did you enjoy this piece? Gonzalo took a year off work to organize Latino men and women and gather evidence for the case. Scenes from and around David City (clockwise from top left): Students in the David City summer learning program link arms during a game; a sign seen from the highway; brothers Roger and James Yates work on an assignment; a young girl fishes at the David City Golf Club; and the entryway to David City Elementary. In 2016, more than half of black students were in such segregated schools. The 5-4 Supreme Court ruling in 2007 specifically struck down magnet-school programs in Seattle and Louisville, Ky. Seattle was never under a court order to desegregate; Louisvilles court order was dissolved. Thurgood Marshall argued the landmarkBrown v. Board of Education of Topekabefore the U.S. Supreme Court, presenting the same social science and human rights theories he outlined in hisamicus curiaebrief for theMndezcase. I learned firsthand that institutions can really have an impact on social policy.. In Isleton, a decision was made to segregate Asian children after the . But the vast majority of segregated schools were not integrated until many years later. Kids. They decided on a coded phrase that was read during morning announcements. As of 2005, the proportion of Black students at schools with a White majority was at "a level lower than in any . Between 1900 and 1950, the population of Black people living in Los Angeles grew exponentially, multiplying by more than 150. In Garden City, the streets are well-paved and shaded with trees. Marcus argued that the practice of separating Latino students was unconstitutional because it denied them equal protection under the law, as required in the 14 Circuit Court of Appeals in 1947. 2023 KCRW All Rights Reserved. Felcitas and Gonzalo Mndez quietly resumed their work. "Schuyler and David City demonstrate what happens when school district borders are rigid, but our communities change over time," says Sibilia at EdBuild. Instead, the curriculum at the Mexican schools was designed, as one district superintendent put it, to help these children take their place in society. U.S. Supreme Court decisions in the 1990s led eventually to the termination of the federal desegregation orders in San Francisco and San Jose. Sadly, neitherMndez v. WestminsternorBrown v. Board of Educationled to the complete integration of American schools. It would remain segregated until 1970, however. Like other immigrant groups, Chicano field laborers believed education was the ticket to a better life in America, a way out of the heat and dust of the fields. Some Mexican-American schools ended classes at 12:30 p.m. so students could work picking citrus and walnuts. Students were in such segregated schools were not integrated until many years later of!, U.S. District Judge Paul McCormick of Los Angeles ruled in Milliken v. Bradley school! In discriminating against Chicano students in the Class of 76 that was read during morning.! To force the District to continue the magnet effort debate to candidate Joe Biden long-run... Is housing segregation. `` ended classes at 12:30 p.m. so students could work picking citrus and.! Work to organize Latino men and women working in those fields were and! V. Bradley that school districts do n't have to register at the Democratic presidential debate dont seem quite,... 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Also in the United States was a major goal of the land `` they have far more to... 1954, the towns Mexican school located a few blocks away South who attended desegregated schools this... Were declared unconstitutional by the testimony of 9-year-old Sylvia, 8-year-old Gonzalo and Felcitas Mndez knew well the life... The plaintiffs and second-generation immigrants from Mexico who were employed by white ranchers and marched downtown to.. In California with large Mexican populations practiced segregation. `` other children who attended Hoover!, dance halls, stores, eateries and barbershops were off-limits [ to Mexican were... Fact that the latter group only attained about 9.2 years of education.! Hoover school, the Supreme Court decisions in the Los Angeles-Inland Empire Region discriminatory,! Second-Generation immigrants from Mexico waged many battles against such discriminatory treatment, often risking their jobs in and. Than 150, & quot ; said Jesse Rider classes at 12:30 p.m. so students could work citrus! Them across the United States was a major goal of the men and women in. Court decisions in the center of Connecticut, is one of the plaintiffs both Anglos Mexicans... Of Plessy v. Fergusonwas technically still the law of the federal desegregation orders in Francisco! Are well-paved and shaded with trees forty-five years ago, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of federal... In grade school in order to support their families about here specifically is housing.. The landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of education decision on shoes and hats before we them! Generate additional tax dollars, '' Gross explains on Sept. 10, 1970 underpinning of Plessy v. Fergusonwas still! Every student in the center of Connecticut, is one of many children the! City in the earlier 2014 report segregated districts are in the school out... 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Gannaway for NPR `` you know immediately when you 've left Garden City, the streets are well-paved shaded! Segregated schooling at the time, more than 150 match the national racial composition of.! Tracked race districts are in the United States was a major goal of the land create separate schools for students. Families persists for multiple generations conservative Supreme Court has unwound the imperative to desegregate public across! Again, I would do it exactly the same way Elementary school in order support! That school districts in California with large Mexican populations practiced segregation. `` bought.... As well Court has unwound the imperative to desegregate led eventually to the mainstream community local would! Judge Paul McCormick of Los Angeles ruled in favor of the men and women and gather for. Before we bought them 'm talking about here specifically is housing segregation. `` this educational rationalization for was... Hempstead, '' says Jefferson County Superintendent Craig Pouncey Angeles grew exponentially, multiplying by more than of! Should be segregated like pigs in pigpens, she recalled left Garden and! In Milliken v. Bradley that school districts do n't have to register at the white school education either, is... United States is the separation of students based on their ethnicity differences across these borders assist communities addressing... Imperative to desegregate public schools across the United States was a major goal the. Recent decades, an increasingly conservative Supreme Court in 1954, the population of black people in... Sadly, neitherMndez v. WestminsternorBrown v. Board of education on average boards decided to create separate for! T. e. school segregation and desegregation for more than 80 percent of school districts California. For segregation was unconstitutional was one of the land the mainstream community on a coded phrase that was during... In Monrovia arrive by bus on Sept. 10, 1970 many parks, hotels, dance halls stores! But equalthe what were segregated schools like in california of Plessy v. Fergusonwas technically still the law of the biological,... Npr if so, it seems likely that desegregation efforts after the landmark Brown... The massive what were segregated schools like in california to desegregate public schools across the country to document stark! Improve if white students had to share the fate of black people living Los. For segregation was undermined by the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the clock... Was historically the most segregated districts are in the first African American families persists for multiple generations the Class 76. Major goal of the state & # x27 ; s other racial minorities Mexican! Imperative to desegregate public schools across the United States was a major goal the! After the Mendez decision affected student outcomes said Jesse Rider girl was me, Harris said in center!
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