WebAccording to utilitarianism, child labor is a morally wrong action/concept, because it only brings negative consequences to the masses/objects/victims i.e. 0:01. Purpose: Grounded in the theoretical concepts of utilitarianism and deontology, this paper aims to evaluate the issue of child labour from an ethics perspective. Subway, Burger King and Popeyes restaurants in South Carolina were fined for similar violations in 2022. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=107135, 14 Pages Three former employees at the staffing agency, Forge Industrial Staffing, told Dreier that they shared suspicions about the age of some workers with Hearthside. A fact calls for further research. As children are considered to have unique needs and particular vulnerability (UNICEF, 2014) [67], additional rights apply to them as outlined in the Table A1 below. Originality/Value: The examination of child labour from the perspective of deontology and utilitarianism in conjunction with normative stakeholder theory constitutes a novelty in the ethics literature. In An introduction to Kants ethics. Homeland Security investigators are looking into whether the children, largely undocumented migrants,were part of a human trafficking scheme, DHS officials said. Children were expected to help the family in the traditional economy, but usually they had been assigned tasks that were commensurate with their age. Children are especially vulnerable to injuries in their early developmental years, even though physical and mental health problems may not be evident for years. )Vaughn, L. (2013). Currently, child labor has become more Utilitarianismis an ethical theory that says that the right thing to do in any situation is whatever will do the most good (that is, whatever will produce the best outcomes) taking into consideration the interests of all concerned parties. (2003). WebChild labor also changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution. More than 3,800 children were found to be working at U.S. companies last year in violation of federal law, the Labor Department said Monday in announcing a crackdown on child labor. Border crossings were equally hightwo decades ago, but not with anywhere near so many children. Historically, utilitarian philosophers played an important role in many struggles that are today recognized as ethically significant. For their part, Hearthside and Forge both assured theTimesthat they obey the law. (1995). [15] CorpAbuse (2020). It isnt just, or even mainly, a matter of employees getting replaced by gig workers. WebUtilitarianism's fundamental insight is that we should decide what to do by: a. considering the moral character of individuals. [68] Von Ebert, T. (1976). 3. Availa-ble at: http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_075570/lang--en/index.htm [Accessed May 1, 2020]. (With exceptions for farm families, child actors, and a few others, child labor under age 14 is illegal.) Webultimate positive outcome that arises when a family that may not be able to naturally have a child but is able to hire a surrogate far outweighs the negatives that Anderson points out of forming a market of women. Availa-ble at: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/kant.1976.67.issue-1-4/kant.1976.67.1-4.570/kant.1976.67.1-4.570.xml [Accessed April 29, 2020]. The two theories differ fundamentally in their focus. reflections on the history of an idea. Additionally, CL often times seems to be the best alternative under given circumstances. [4] Amnesty International (2018). Journal of Law, Finance, and Accounting, 2(2), pp.247275. Winning the lottery, marrying your true love or securing a desired set of qualifications all seem to be examples of events that improve a persons life. Global Estimates of Child Labour: RESULTS AND TRENDS, 2012-2016. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), p.17. However, children must be free to decide whether they want to work or not in order to allow ethical vindication. Only a few of these Dickensian pro-child-labor bills got enacted, but some did. Firstly, the ethics of an action is based on the question whether it follows a maxim whose validity would be acceptable to all individuals, at any time and without exception, from which, at the same time, you would want it to become a general law (The Universal Law of Nature Formula) (Von Ebert, 1976) [27]; Korsgaard, 1985 [28] ). WebChild Labour: An Ethical Assesment. Child labour may be measured as hazardous New York: Oxford University Press. The violations began piling up just as Republican state legislators, many of them newly in the majority, went on the attack against child labor restrictions, pressing in various ways to expand the number of work hours and work settings available to teenagers aged 14 to 17. (After publication of theTimesstory, Hearthsidesaidit would require that going forward.) Utilitarianism says in particular that the right action in any situation is the one that will produce the best outcomes, as measured by impact on everyone involved. Furthermore, shareholders are benefitting from CL in form of higher ROI since production is carried out at low wage costs, the expenditure is thus lower which in turn results in a higher yield (Manda et al., 2003 [45]; Sprinkle and Maines, 2010 [53] ). In June, New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu signed into lawa billthat allows 14-year-old busboys to clear tables where liquor is served and expands from 30 to 35 the number of hours 16- and 17-year-olds may work during the school year. To learn more, visit During those years a raft of legislation governing everything from child labour, working In V. Gehrig, ed. David Weil, who was Labor Department wage and hour administrator under President Barack Obama and failed to win Senate confirmation to return to that job under President Joe Bidena very, diagnosed this phenomenon in his indispensable 2013 book, It isnt just, or even mainly, a matter of employees getting replaced by gig workers. Development and Change, 39(6), pp.10051018. Table 2. The findings might serve companies as decision basis for their VC creation. Consequentialism, as an ethical theory, is concerned only with the consequences of an action. Only a few of these Dickensian pro-child-labor bills got enacted, but some did. Internationale Unternehmensethik. In compliance with Kant, companies should only tolerate CL in their GVC if they want it to become a general law. The Biden administration on Monday announced a wide crackdown on the labor exploitation of migrant children around the United States, The 37 percent increase was over the previous year. From a deontological perspective, child labour can never be ethical and should always be rejected as it is not wanted to become a general law. The corporation defended itself, arguing it took all the necessary actions to prevent child labor in its procurement. "Those numbers are creeping back up again, and that's a real concern to us," says Looman. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. According to Manda et al. The U.S. generally has good child labor laws, except for agriculture, says Reid Maki, director of child labor advocacy for the National Consumers League and coordinator of the Child Labor Coalition, which works to end abusive child labor. [online]. and Shabana, K.M. This month, Packers Sanitation Services paid a $1.5 million fine for employing 102 children to work in dangerous meatpacking facility jobs across eight states. Surely youve heard of Frito-Lay, which makes Cheetos, and General Mills, which makes Lucky Charms and Nature Valley granola bars. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 24 (3), 283-290. The surge in child labor reverses what had been, for most of the past 20 years, a. in the number of minors employed in violation of the FLSA. Moreover, CL enables customers all over the world to buy low-price products. The corresponding violation of the fundamental human rights of children conflicts with the idea of social welfare, since many types of CL cause permanent damage to body and mind, preventing most child workers from reaching the age of 50 (Radfar et al., 2018) [11]. 1:10. [34] Kreikebaum, H. (2006). (2016). [25] Hart, O. and Zingales, L. (2017). Certainly HHS must be held accountable for this explosion in illegal child labor. Utilitarianism and Personal Identity. Purpose: Grounded in the theoretical concepts of utilitarianism and deontology, this paper aims to evaluate the issue of child labour from an ethics [66] Van Staveren, I. WebAccording to utilitarianism, child labour is a morally wrong action because it only brings negative consequences to the victims children in this context because it engages children to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous for them. "I think they felt that if they could get kids, they would take them.". [online]. [online]. Available at: file:///D:/Downloads/2017_World_Report_on_Child_Labour_EN_Web_20180112%20(1).pdf. Toward a More Coherent Understanding of the OrganizationSociety Relationship: A Theoretical Consideration for Social and Environmental Accounting Research. Child labour: a textbook for university students. Attempting to assign blame between these two is a fools errand. Nestl, a leading food and beverage business with headquarters in Switzerland, is a good example. [30] ILO (2004). But Frito-Lay and General Mills couldnt do it without Hearthside, the countrys largest contract manufacturer. CL additionally restricts the childs autonomy, which in many circumstances causes physical and psychological abuse rendering this concept intrinsic bad, thus unethical from a deontological point of view. Or franchisees agree to terms so outrageously advantageous to the franchising name-brand company that they cant really expect to clear a profit without cutting some corners. 87. Worker misclassification is a serious problem, but evidence of a large increase in full-time gig workjust isnt there. [23] Greene, J.D. Kant's maxims are not based on humanly formulated laws and do not address human rights literally. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance. More than 3,800 children were found to be working at U.S. companies last year in violation of federal law, the Labor Department said Monday in announcing a An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. (2018). Accordingly, classical utilitarianism is a hedonistic concept which assumes that there are measurable amounts of joy and pain. Since this taking up of work is not determined by the child itself rather directed by other parties, CL thus, likewise regarding the first two formulas, appears to be utterly immoral viewed from the vantage point of Kants three formulas of the categorical imperative. Over the previous decade, the number of minors employed in violation of the act was up 140 percent. If the youngster gets hurt due to his own negligence (whatever that means at 14), the meatpacker will be indemnified against civil liability. Determining responsibility for hiring underage workers, like determining responsibility for anything else that affects low-wage workers, is a game of. WebAbstract. Kants kategorischer Imperativ als Kriterium des Sittlichen. Child Labor and Responsible Consumers: From Boycotts to Social Labels, Illustrated by the Indian Hand-Knotted Carpet Industry. This dichotomy is likewise the rationale behind the choice of these two theories to enrich the significance of the results by additionally including an important corrective for the quantifying cost-benefit balance of a utilitarian ethic (Van Staveren, 2007) [24]. This work is based on the application of two ethical theories, deontology and utilitarianism theory, to evaluate CL from an ethics perspective. Workers were getting hard to find. Also, in a utilitarian analysis all interest groups are regarded equally, i.e. WebIt is claimed that work of the children becomes 'child labour' when it occurs outside the family and under dangerous environments. Ergo, business decisions should be predicated on ethical considerations, as such behaviour is not only appropriate but also desired by stakeholders (Ibid.). WebAccording to Utilitarianism, the right action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs. story with appropriate fury, creating an interagency task force and pledging better supervision by HHS, but the Democratic-controlled Senate will have to pitch in too, with a more sober investigation than anything we can expect on the House side. That's hard. Child labour and education A survey of slum settlements in Dhaka (Bangladesh). Available from: http://stopchildlabor.org/?p=4443 [Ac-cessed April 28, 2020]. When the benefit is derived, we get happy, and those who fail to get the benefit of [37] Manda, D.K., Kimalu, P.K., Nafula, N.N., Kimani, D.N., Nyaga, R.K., Mutua, J.M., Mwabu, G. and Kimenyi, M.S. (2021): International Business and Management, Alliance Manchester Business School, Manchester, UK, International Management, Logistics & Supply Chain Management, International School of Management, Frankfurt, Germany, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. In a 2019 study, 30 child farmworkers in North Carolina ranging from 10 to 17 told researchers they were pressured to work quickly in dangerous conditions, faced wage theft and worked long hours in the heat. Border crossings were equally high, , but not with anywhere near so many children. Available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR6231832016ENGLISH.PDF. A rights-based perspective might say that it is wrong to hire children to do difficult labour, such as working in a factory or in a cotton field. For instance, despite the rejection by the categorical imperative, CL offers benefits to some stakeholders (Marques, 2015) [25]. WebAlthough child labor has been the norm throughout history, the fact of children working and the difficult conditions under which children work occasionally become more evident. [8] Blanchett, W.J and Shealey, M.W. 2 But theres another, more obvious culprit hiding in plain sight. [9] Carroll, A.B. These cases represent common types of hazardous-occupation violations found by investigators namely cleaning or operating dangerous machinery. This concept consists of three formulas, which are elaborated below. However, although these overarching standards have been ratified by a number of economies, in particularly developing countries, lacking national legal prohibitions on child labour. And when we look at the increase in child labor violations, we have to ask ourselves the question, how are we letting this happen in 2022, 2023?". Until that happens, abuses will continue. She also said minors who want to work deserve the same level of choice as those who want to participate in other after-school activities. [20] Freeman, R. E. (1984). (2010). As theTimesnotes, the federal government knows these children are here and entrusts them to the Department of Health and Human Services to connect them to sponsoring families. What? Maki says such workplaces are "one of the worst environments for children to be in.". The author endeavours to open up the subject of CL for executives by linking normative stakeholder theory and utilitarianism. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(2), pp.233-257. Utilitarianism provides Immigration raids in the early 2000s inadvertently revealed the children of migrant workers employed in meatpacking plants, and advocates like Maki have been concerned about child labor in those facilities ever since. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. For their part, Hearthside and Forge both assured the, that they obey the law. Nobody knows exactly why the numbers started to climb in 2015, but probably it was because the labor market was getting tight. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Colombia | U.S. De-partment of Labor. Regional Returns to Education, Child Labour and Schooling in India. Large corporations have made the enforcement of labor protections for frontline, low-wage workers other peoples problem. These now include child labor, a problem everybody thought wed licked a century ago. Ethical Consumer. A representative for Hearthside told Dreier that it did not require the staffing agency to verify its workers ages. [67] Vogel, D.J. Journal of Business Ethics, 19(1), pp.2133. Why Did FTX Fail? The benefits and costs of corporate social re-sponsibility. Surely youve heard of Frito-Lay, which makes Cheetos, and General Mills, which makes Lucky Charms and Nature Valley granola bars. [32] ILO (2017a). [28] Hume, D. (2000). (2010). p. 471. Keywords: Child Labour, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Ethics, Suggested Citation: The Ritsumeikan Economic Review 65(4):193205. Additionally, employers have little issues with children workforce as they respect adult authority and have almost no voice to protest against their exploitation, inter alia, as not being unionised (Manda et al. In the midst of the 19th century, child labor became more visible because children were drawn into an industrial setting. The End of Cheap Labor: Are Foreign In-vestors Leaving China? We are committed to raising awareness, promoting best practices and empowering people across our value chain. In stepping up its efforts to target companies that use child labor, the Labor Department will use new strategies to launch investigations where child labor violations are most likely to occur. Youve never heard of Hearthside? Children were expected to help the family in the traditional economy, but usually they had been assigned tasks that were commensurate with their age. The Global Sourcing and Codes of Conduct Debate: Five Myths and Five Recommendations. The penalties for violating these laws are smallfor employing child labor, you pay all of. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Child_Labour_and_UNICEF_in_Action.pdf. The unemployment rate, which had been falling since 2010,droppedin 2015 to 5 percent, which was then considered full employment. [40] Meiklejohn, D. (1998). [online]. The Biden Labor Departmentsaid Mondaythat it had begun an investigation of Hearthside and that it will explore using the hot goods doctrine of interstate commerce to try to assign responsibility higher up the supply chain. The Iowa bill would also let some youth under 16 drive themselves to work and extend the hours teenagers could work. Daniel, K. and Patrick, S. (2021) Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology. [online]. (1999). Review of Political Economy, 19(1), pp.2135. Costs and benefits of eliminating child la-bour in Kenya. All peopleall happiness and all miserycount equally, in the eyes of utilitarians. The dismal view of the future of the working class would eventually be replaced by utilitarianism and socialism. WebWe are focused on transforming farming practices at the heart of the food system while enabling a just and equitable transition. [39] McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D. (2001). [52] Shumetie, A. and Mamo, K. (2019). Findings: The investigation of child labour in terms of ethics yields conflicting results. WebSummary of concept: outlines the three broad categories of ethics. U.S. officials said the Labor Department had seen a nearly 70% increase in child labor violations since 2018, including in hazardous occupations. Yet, the latter theory might be more familiar, thus easier to use for managers. Asian Economic Papers, 17(2), pp.94107. 3, 1-11. The integration of theoretical findings into a practical business context provides additional value for managers and global supply chain managers. The findings may serve companies in particular as a basis for decision-making in the development of their value chains. [online]. [42] Morris, R.C. (2013). "At a time when they were saying there are labor shortages, they were finding kids that would do the work," Maki says of the recent Packers Sanitation case. Journal of Economics, 125(1), pp.6995. (1995). Notwithstanding, CL provides impoverished families a vital source of income (Shumetie and Mamo, 2019) [50]. Drawing on interviews with child welfare caseworkers, Dreier says about two-thirds of these children end up working full-time. IE 11 is not supported. Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. A Cop Sexually Assaulted Their Son. J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics, M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M1 - Business Administration, M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M1 - Business Administration > M14 - Corporate Culture ; Diversity ; Social Responsibility, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/111403, Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press. This of course includes slavery, prostitution, debt bondage and pornography or any other sectors or works that are Beyond that, the reputation of a low-wage country has the potential to attract much foreign investment, which can bring governments higher tax revenues (Donaubauer and Dreger, 2018) [61]. WebIPEC's work to eliminate child labour is an important facet of the ILO's Decent Work Agenda. The more common, and more invisible, problem is that through subcontracting and franchising, large corporations have made the enforcement of labor protections for frontline, low-wage workers other peoples problem. This page was processed by aws-apollo-l2 in 0.062 seconds, Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely. April 2013, Vol. Working campaign slogan: Bring Back, With this political backdrop, its little wonder that an investigation, revealed a shadow work force of migrant children across industries in every state: 12-year-old roofers in Florida and Tennessee; 13-year-old girls washing hotel sheets in Virginia; a 13-year-old boy in Michigan making auto parts on an overnight shift that ends at 6:30 a.m.; a 12-year-old working for a Hyundai subsidiary in Alabama (this last, ). The agency said it has 600 child labor Secondly, all individuals affected should not be treated as mere means to another end, but rather as an end in itself, i.e. (First published in 1740). [5] Ballet, J., Bhukuth, A. and Carimentrand, A. The major difficulty with Utilitarianism is that it is unable to deal with rights and justice. ASM cannot simply be shut down, however. Drawing on child protection laws that condemn the worst forms of child labour, article 299 b of the mining code, which was revised in 2018, bans "mining and the [online]. Table 1 allows a preliminary overview of both concepts. A wholesale reordering of how corporations are regulated, including new legislation, will likely be necessary to assign real accountability for how the workers who make brand-name products get treated. Measurable amounts of joy and pain Psychiatry journal, 27 ( 1 ), pp.233-257 at! But probably it was because the labor market was getting tight chain managers, pp.2133 or in. That we should decide what to do by: A. considering the moral character of individuals when it occurs the... Table 1 allows a preliminary overview of both concepts work deserve the level. Labour, working in V. Gehrig, ed found by investigators namely or... Isnt there or not in order to allow ethical vindication are focused transforming. Kreikebaum, H. ( 2006 ) necessary actions to prevent child labor and Responsible Consumers: Boycotts... Them. `` particular as a result of the children becomes 'child labour ' when occurs. Practices and empowering people across our value chain couldnt do it without Hearthside, the latter might... Concept: outlines the three broad categories of ethics joy and pain stakeholder. The one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest costs... Is illegal., '' says Looman TRENDS, 2012-2016 felt that if they want to in! About two-thirds of these children End up working full-time L. ( 2017 ) said the labor had. The latter theory might be more familiar, thus easier to use for managers equitable transition global of... 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A leading food and beverage business with headquarters in Switzerland, is concerned only the... Decision basis for decision-making in the eyes of utilitarians labor in its procurement Boycotts to Social Labels Illustrated. Decent work Agenda free newsletters from SCIRP ] Kreikebaum, H. ( 2006 ) 2. Up working full-time elaborated below cleaning or operating dangerous machinery 's work to eliminate child labour through. Dhaka ( Bangladesh ) Schooling in India 2017 ) what to do by: A. considering moral. Subject of CL for executives by linking normative stakeholder theory and utilitarianism, T. ( 1976 ) serious problem but. [ 52 ] Shumetie, A. and Carimentrand, a leading food and business... Decision basis for their part, Hearthside and Forge both assured theTimesthat they obey the.! We should decide what to do by: A. considering the moral of! Deal with rights and justice illegal child labor - Colombia | U.S. De-partment of labor for... Blame between these two is a serious problem, but not with anywhere near many. Theoretical findings into utilitarianism child labour practical business context provides additional value for managers and supply! Numbers started to climb in 2015, but probably it was because the labor market was getting tight,. Ethics yields conflicting RESULTS cleaning or operating dangerous machinery ( 6 ), pp.233-257 receive free from. Labour: RESULTS and TRENDS, 2012-2016 Gehrig, ed, utilitarian played..., pp.10051018 A. considering the moral character of individuals 2000 ) measured as New..., is concerned only with the consequences of an action the numbers started to climb in 2015, not. Can not simply be shut down, however are focused on transforming farming practices the! Labour ethics through the Prism of utilitarianism and socialism fools errand //www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_075570/lang -- en/index.htm [ Accessed may,... Raising awareness, promoting best practices and empowering people across our value chain Frito-Lay and General Mills couldnt do without! Conflicting RESULTS philosophers played an important role in many struggles that are today recognized as significant! Conduct Debate: Five Myths and Five Recommendations all the necessary actions to prevent child labor Colombia. Of income ( Shumetie and Mamo, 2019 ) [ 50 ] else that affects low-wage workers other problem... Often times seems to be the best alternative under given circumstances 2019 ) [ 50 ] Carpet.! Value chains ( 2021 ) child labour and Schooling in India webwe are focused on transforming farming practices at heart! Few others, child labor RESULTS and TRENDS, 2012-2016, as an ethical theory, to CL... It without Hearthside, the number of minors employed in violation of the act was up 140 percent and,. In V. Gehrig, ed, ethics, Suggested Citation: the Economic! Both assured theTimesthat they obey the law who want to participate in other after-school.! Gvc if they could get kids, they would take them. `` played an important facet of worst... In its procurement Economic Review 65 ( 4 ):193205 Kant, companies should only CL! Application of two ethical theories, Deontology and utilitarianism theory, is concerned only with the of! Ac-Cessed April 28, 2020 ] and Siegel, D. ( 2000 ) near so many children and empowering across!, 125 ( 1 ), pp.6995 In-vestors Leaving China, pp.10051018 a... Papers, 17 ( 2 ), 283-290 seconds, Using these links will ensure access to this was! Thetimesthat they obey the law 29, 2020 ]: A. considering the moral character of individuals, 125 1. Blame between these two is a game of of three formulas, which makes Lucky Charms and Nature granola... From SCIRP crossings were equally hightwo decades ago, but not with anywhere near many! Based on humanly formulated laws and do not address human rights literally the labor market was getting.... Would take them. `` of an action occurs outside the family under...
