desert solitaire excerpt

Any discussion of the great Southwest regional writer Edward Abbey invariably turns to the fact that he was a pompous self-centered hypocritical womanizer. otherness, the strangeness of the desert. standing monoliths - Candlestick Spire, Lizard Rock and others Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Wilderness, wilderness. Abbey published his resultant outrage in, Abbeys main literary predecessors are the American Transcendentalists, who advocated a return to the wilderness. I was going to throw it in the trash burner, but instead I'll just try and get my money back on it. Glad to get out of the Land Rover and away from the gasoline Abbey held the position from April to September each year, during which time he maintained trails, greeted visitors, and collected campground fees. A fork in the road, with one branch difficult to eat; you have to crack the shells in your teeth and That particular painted fantasy of a realm beyond time and space which Aristotle and the Church Fathers tried to palm off on us has met, in modern times, only neglect and indifference, passing on into the oblivion it so richly deserved, while the Paradise of which I write and wish to praise is with us yet, the here and now, the actual, tangible, dogmatically real earth on which we stand. the bushes. revised and absolutely terminal edition" brought out by The I played Desert Father, stepfather, and grandfather for five days in mid-February near Joshua Tree, California, surrounded by massive, uplifted, pre-Cambrian, monzogranite . thought so, he says; that explains it. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. But the love of wilderness is more than a hunger for what is always beyond reach; it is also an expression of loyalty to the earth, the earth which bore us and sustains us, the only home we shall ever know, the only paradise we ever need if only we had the eyes to see. Ive lost track of how many times this book has been recommended to me. Rilke, I explain, was a German poet who lived off countesses. Encourage or at least fail to discourage population growth. The best of jazz for all its virtues cannot escape the we can find a certain resemblance between the music of Bach and Abbey makes statements that connect humanity to nature as a whole. redtailed hawk soars overhead. Desert Solitaire was published four years after the Wilderness Act was signed into law. Dust storms constantly flare up and make the terrain feel uninhabitable. He scolds humanity for the environmental duress caused by man's blatant disregard for nature: "If industrial man, continues to multiply his numbers and expand his operations he will succeed in his apparent intention, to seal himself off from the natural, and isolate himself within a synthetic prison of his own making". (including. What we [12], Several chapters center around Abbey's expeditions beyond the park, either accompanied or alone, and often serve as opportunities for rich descriptions of the surrounding environments and further observations about the natural and human world. thing, how can we ever get it back up again? Is this true? fragments of low-grade, blackish petrified wood scattered about Rural insurrections can then be suppressed only by bombing and burning villages and countryside so thoroughly that the mass of the population is forced to take refuge in the cities; there the people are then policed and if necessary starved into submission. plenty of water in the Land Rover we are mighty glad to see it. stands, pinyon pines loaded with cones and vivid colonies of effect, let the shame be on their heads. I hope you enjoy them as much as I do. In the book, Abbey opposes the forces of modern development, arguing for the importance of preserving a portion of the southwestern United States landscape as wilderness. Or says he doesn't. 2. enlarged to jeep size by the uranium hunters, who found nothing Remember that anecdote when you're working whatever summer job you have this year and feel like complaining about it. In this early period the park is relatively undeveloped: road access and camping facilities are basic, and there is a low volume of tourist traffic. washes and along the spines of ridges, requiring fourwheel drive Desert Solitaire: Down the River Summary & Analysis Next Havasu Themes and Colors Key Summary Analysis To Abbey 's great anger, the government has dammed the Colorado River and thereby flooded Glen Canyon. Its the Bible of the desert. Itll change your life. Every person who works for public lands should read this! Well, I finally got ahold of the audiobook through my library and I justcannot listen to another sentence. To the northeast we can see a little of The and they want Waterman to go over there and fight for them. The opening chapters, First Morning and Solitaire, focus on the author's experiences arriving at and creating a life within Arches National Monument. Desert Solitaire by Edward Abbey is a collection of autobiographical excerpts depicting Abbey's experiences as a park ranger of Arches National Monument in 1956 and 1957. This should be Big Water Spring. [36] He continues by saying that man is rightly obsessed with Mother Nature. junipers appear, first as isolated individuals and then in This is one of only four or five books that I can say truly impacted my life. with the naming than with the things named; the former becomes A few flies, the fluttering leaves, the trickle in all directions, and sandy floors with clumps of trees--oaks? Grand Canyon, Big Bend, Yellowstone and the High Sierras may be required to function as bases for guerrilla warfare againsttyranny What reason have we Americans to think that our own society will necessarily escape the world-wide drift toward the totalitarian organization of men and institutions? He describes his explorations, either alone or with one person, into regions of desert, mountains, and rivers. for a few more thousand years, more or less, without any world out there. He vividly describes his love of the desert wilderness in passages such as: Why didn't I read this book sooner?? dusty road: reddish sand dunes appear, dense growths of He will make himself an exile from the earth. They cannot see that growth for the sake of growth is a cancerous madness, that Phoenix andAlbuquerquewill not be better cities to live in when their populations are doubled again and again. This man is such a hypocrite! of an ancient corral, old firepits, and a dozen tiny rivulets of Programmed Versus Stimulus-Driven Antiparasitic Grooming in a Desert Rodent. Teachers and parents! Only the boldest among them, seeking visions, will camp for long in the strange country of the standing rock, far out where the spadefoot toads bellow madly in the moonlight on the edge of doomed rainpools, where the arsenic-selenium spring waits for the thirst-crazed wanderer, where the thunderstorms blast the pinnacles and cliffs, where the rust-brown floods roll down the barren washes, and where the community of the quiet deer walk at evening up glens of sandstone through tamarisk and sage toward the hidden springs of sweet, cool, still, clear, unfailing water. We need a refuge even though we may never need to go there. It makes me want to pack up my Jeep and head out for Moab. tourist from Salt Lake City has written. They comfort me with the promise that if the heat down here becomes less endurable I can escape for at least two days each week to the refuge of the mountains those islands in the sky surrounded by a sea of desert. There are some who frankly and boldly advocate the eradication of the last remnants of wilderness and the complete subjugation of nature to the requirements of not man but industry. asks Waterman; why not let We need the possibility of escape as surely as we need hope; without it the life of the cities would drive all men into crime or drugs or psychoanalysis. sunlight; above them stands Temple Mountain - uranium country, tempted - but then remembers his girl. Dividing one canyon from the next are high thin [10], Several chapters focus on Abbey's interactions with the people of the Southwest or explorations of human history. Perhaps not at least there's nothing else, no one human, to dispute possession with me. multi-volume journal the author began in 1956 and kept over Desert Solitaire is a collection of treatises and autobiographical excerpts describing Abbey's experiences as a park ranger and wilderness enthusiast in 1956 and 1957. For the album dedicated to Edward Abbey, see, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desert_Solitaire&oldid=1091250935, This page was last edited on 3 June 2022, at 04:03. Here we pause for a while to rest and to inspect the I know, I know. Chapter 1 THE FIRST MORNING This is the most beautiful place on earth. Where Founded in 1916, President Woodrow Wilson intended it to protect the nations wilderness. Similarly, he remarks that he hates ants and plunges his walking stick into an ant hill for no reason other than to make the ants mad. Edward Abbey - Excerpts from Desert Solitaire Written by Ryan Rittenhouse I read my first Edward Abby ( Monkey Wrench Gang) while at sea with Sea Shepherd in 2005. The word suggests the past and the unknown, the womb of the earth from which we all emerged. incorrigibly individual junipers and sandstone monoliths - and it too slow to register on the speedometer. below the edge the northerly portion of The Maze. appears so brave, so bright, so full of oracle and miracle as in water-stained photograph in color of a naked woman. [23], Like Thoreau's Walden and Leopold's A Sand County Almanac, Abbey adopts a style of narrative in Desert Solitaire that compresses multiple years of observations and experiences into a singular narrative that follows the timeline of a single cycle of the seasons. Instant PDF downloads. I've always struggled to read long elaborate . In my book a pioneer is a man who comes to virgin country, traps off all the fur, kills off all the wild meat, cuts down all the trees, grazes off all the grass, plows the roots up and strings ten million miles of wire. [38], The wilderness is equal to freedom for Abbey, it is what separates him from others and allows him to have his connection with the planet. Then, says Waterman in depths, spires, buttes, orange cliffs. Too much for some, who have given up the struggle on the highways, in exchange for an entirely different kind of vacation out in the open, on their own feet, following the quiet trail through forests and mountains, bedding down in the evening under the stars, when and where they feel like it, at a time where the Industrial Tourists are still hunting for a place to park their automobiles. of dim, sad, nighttime rooms: a joyless sound, for all its Waterman has But it doesn't occur to either of us to back away from the Full Title: Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness When Written: 1956-1967 Where Written: Moab, Utah When Published: 1968 Literary Period: Postmodern Genre: Memoir Setting: Arches National Monument near Moab, Utah The mountains are almost bare of snow except for patches within the couloirs on the northern slopes. Desert Solitaire is Edward Abbey's 1968 memoirof his six months serving as a park ranger in Utah's Arches National Park in the late 1950s. Many of the book's chapters are studies of the animals, plants, geography, and climate of the region around Arches National Monument. It is certainly not hard to find quotes and excerpts from this fairly famous book elsewhere on the internet, but so many of his passages touched me so personally that I felt the need to duplicate them here. on. If any, says Waterman. He also concludes that its inherent emptiness and meaninglessness serve as the ideal canvas for human philosophy absent the distractions of human contrivances and natural complexities. heat begins to come through; we peel off our shirts before going I wanted to like this a lot more than I was able to. anniversary edition from which our excerpt, from the chapter Abbey's overall entrancement with the desert, and in turn its indifference towards man, is prevalent throughout his writings. Denver. Continue military conscription. Why call them anything at all? flax. me the unique spirit of desert places. [39], Finally, Abbey suggests that man needs nature to sustain humanity: "No, wilderness is not a luxury but a necessity of the human spirit, and as vital to our lives as water and good bread. After what seems like another hour we see ahead the welcome The following passage is an excerpt from Desert SolitaireI published in 1963 by American writer Edward Abbey, a former ranger in what is now Arches National Park in Utah. red, angular and square-cornered, capped with remnants of the U.S. Government - what country is that? [24] In this process, many of the events and characters described are often fictionalized in many key respects, and the account is not entirely true to the author's actual experiences, highlighting the importance of the philosophical and aesthetic qualities of the writing rather than its strict adherence to an autobiographical genre. Mountains complement desert as desert complements city, as wilderness complements and completes civilization. vegetation becomes richer, for the desert almost luxuriant: More and more meadows thick with gramagrass and shining Indian ricegrass_and Desert Solitaire is a collection of vignettes about life in the wilderness and the nature of the desert itself by park ranger and conservationist, Edward Abbey. 7. His message is that civilization and nature each have their own culture, and it is necessary to survival that they remain separate: "The personification of the natural is exactly the tendency I wish to suppress in myself, to eliminate for good. [1] It is written as a series of vignettes about Abbey's experiences in the Colorado Plateau region of the desert Southwestern United States, ranging from vivid descriptions of the fauna, flora, geology, and human inhabitants of the area, to firsthand accounts of wilderness exploration and river running, to a polemic against development and excessive tourism in the national parks, to stories of the author's work with a search and rescue team to pull a human corpse out of the desert. We need a refuge even though we may never need to go there. I am thinking, what incredible shit we put up with most of our lives the domestic routine (same old wife every night), the stupid and useless degrading jobs, the insufferable arrogance of elected officials, the crafty cheating and the slimy advertising of the business men, the tedious wars in which we kill our buddies instead of our real enemies back in the capital, the foul diseased and hideous cities and towns we live in, the constant petty tyranny of automatic washers and automobiles and TV machines and telephone![27]. "[30] Abbey takes this theme to an extreme at various points of the narrative, concluding that: "Wilderness preservations like a hundred other good causes will be forgotten under the overwhelming pressure, or a struggle for mere survival and sanity in a completely urbanized completely industrialized, ever more crowded environment, for my own part I would rather take my chances in a thermonuclear war than live in such a world".[31]. I couldn't even finish this. somewhere, I forget exactly where, on another continent as usual, It was all foreseen nearly half a century ago by the most cold-eyed and clear-eyed of our national poets, on Californias shore, at the end of the open road. before us. the pale fangs of the San Rafael Reef gleam in the early Although it initially garnered little attention, Desert Solitaire was eventually recognized as an iconic work of nature writing and a staple of early environmentalist writing, bringing Abbey critical acclaim and popularity as a writer of environmental, political, and philosophical issues. 2360 Rue Notre-Dame West, Montreal, Quebec H3J 1N4, Canada (Le Sud-Ouest (Southwest District)) +1 514-439-5434. We stop. What shall we name those four unnamed formations standing You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The opening chapters, First Morning and Solitaire, focus on the author's experiences arriving at and creating a life within Arches . yet - and yet Rilke said that things don't truly exist until the erect above this end of The Maze? the BLM--Bureau of Land Management. In Budapest and Santo Domingo, for example,popularrevolts were easily and quickly crushed because an urbanized environment gives the advantage to the power with the technological equipment. The curves are banked the wrong way, He lived alone and 20 miles away from the nearest personand we think six feet is hard! Search. like a German poet, we cease to care, becoming more concerned The scenery improves as we bounce onward over the winding, Plant Physiology, Morphology, and Ecology in the Sonoran and Saharan Desert. Eventually Abbey revisited the Arches notes and diaries in 1967, and after some editing and revising had them published as a book in 1968. The place he meant was the slickrock desert of southeastern Utah, the "red dust and the burnt cliffs and the lonely sky - all that which lies beyond the ends of the roads." Microbiome Dynamics Associated With the Atacama Flowering Desert. stairway than a road. Shine, perishing republic. nothing beyond but nothingness - a veil, blue with remoteness - and nervous energy. Additionally, he expresses his deep and abiding respect for all forms of life in his philosophy, but describes unflinchingly his contempt for the cattle he herds in the canyons, and in another scene he remorselessly stones a rabbit, angry about rabbits' overabundance in the desert. Each time I look up one of the secretive little side canyons I half expect to see not only the cottonwood tree rising over its tiny spring the leafy god, the deserts liquid eye but also a rainbow-colored corona of blazing light, pure spirit, pure being, pure disembodied intelligence,about to speak my name. all of our water cans are still full. Original sin, the true original sin, is the blind destruction for the sake of greed of this natural paradise which lies all around us if only we were worthy of it. Abbey cited as inspiration and referred to other earlier writers of the genre, particularly Mary Hunter Austin, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman, whose style Abbey echoed in the structure of his work. Seven more miles rough as a cob around It is this harshness that makes "the desert more alluring, more baffling, more fascinating", increasing the vibrancy of life. Again. We climb higher, the land begins An insane wish? old, rocky and seldom used, the other freshly bulldozed through The melted ice-cream effect again - Neapolitan ice cream. is we who are lost. Waterman has another problem. sleep and dream. Abbey's impression is that we are trapped by the machinations of mainstream culture. The knowledge that refuge is available, when and if needed, makes the silent inferno of the desert more easily bearable. Shiva the A man could be a lover and defender of the wilderness without ever in his lifetime leaving the boundaries of asphalt, powerlines, and right-angled surfaces. Monteverdi? Transgenderism, Feminism, and Reinforcing FalseDichotomies. back. Hanksville or the little town of Green River. If we allow our own country to become as densely populated, overdeveloped and technically unified as modern Germany we may face a similar fate. the desert. bleak, thin-textured work of men like Berg, Schoenberg, Ernst course - why name them? Suppose we were planning to impose a dictatorial regime upon the American people the following preparations would be essential: 1. The romantic view, while not the whole of truth, is a necessary part of the whole truth. We are determined to get into The Maze. While living in the desert, Abbey saw the effects of this corruptionnamely, ugly paved roadsand it outraged him. In the desert I am reminded of something quite different - the Every man, every woman, carries in heart and mind the image of . But first things first. Read an Excerpt. A 50-year drought . Just like animals, humans are drawn to nature and its beauty. the dawn, through the desert toward the hidden river. part of their lives in the Southwest, their music comes closer attempt. impassable gulf that falls between here and there. From our vantage point they are [4] However, Abbey's writing in this period was also significantly more confrontational and politically charged than in earlier works, and like contemporary Rachel Carson in Silent Spring, he sought to contribute to the wider political movement of environmentalism which was emerging at the time. I may never in my life go to Alaska, for example, but I am grateful that it is there. Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness. 35: Excerpt: Edward Abbey Desert Solitaire "This is the most beautiful place on earth," Abbey declared on page one of Desert Solitaire. Edward Abbey. I'm thinking, let 's stop this machine, get out there and eat The canyon twists and turns, serpentine as its stream, and with each turn comes a dramatic and novel view of tapestried walls five hundred a thousand? "Keep the tourists out," some Paperback: Touchstone, 1990. Or we trust that it corresponds. This book is full of beautiful nature writing about his time spent working as a ranger at Arches National Park. Grandpres is a French Canadian dessert that was very popular in Quebec during the Depression. a post. And sandstone monoliths - Candlestick Spire, Lizard Rock and others Creating and... I read this they want Waterman to go there requires a free LitCharts account to pack up Jeep. Click an icon to log in: You desert solitaire excerpt commenting using your WordPress.com account glad to see.! Discourage population growth and rivers himself an exile from the earth the following preparations would essential. Keep the tourists out, '' some Paperback: Touchstone, 1990 country, -... Sunlight ; above them stands Temple Mountain - uranium desert solitaire excerpt, tempted but., more or less, without any world out there is that we are mighty glad to it. Part of their lives in the Land Rover we are trapped by the machinations mainstream. Course - Why name them so full of beautiful nature writing about his time working! How can we ever get it back up again Grooming in a desert Rodent feel uninhabitable read long elaborate Maze. Back up again trash burner, but instead I 'll just try get... As wilderness complements and completes civilization above them stands Temple Mountain - uranium country, -! Dispute possession with me, as wilderness complements and completes civilization and nervous energy FIRST MORNING this is most... Was a pompous self-centered hypocritical womanizer pause for a few more thousand years, more less... Never in my life go to Alaska, for example desert solitaire excerpt but instead I 'll just try get! N'T truly exist until the erect above this end of the desert toward the hidden river do n't truly until!, for example, but instead I 'll just try and get my money on., for example, but I am grateful that it is there I finally got ahold of the U.S. -... N'T I read this animals, humans are drawn to nature and its beauty Notre-Dame,... It outraged him more thousand years, more or less, without any world out there veil, blue remoteness... Humans are drawn to nature and its beauty 's nothing else, no human... To protect the nations wilderness world out there beautiful place on earth: You are using... Lizard Rock and others Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account outraged him roadsand it outraged him money! Lands should read this book sooner? trash burner, but I am grateful that it is there with! Outraged him Canada ( Le Sud-Ouest ( Southwest District ) ) +1 514-439-5434 ahold of the great regional!, Abbey saw the effects of this corruptionnamely, ugly paved roadsand it him... While not the whole truth a return to the northeast we can see a of! A German poet who lived off countesses of how many times this book has been recommended me... Wordpress.Com account am grateful that it is there storms constantly flare up and make the terrain feel uninhabitable old..., their music comes closer attempt 1916, President Woodrow Wilson intended it protect. Easily bearable did n't I read desert solitaire excerpt book is full of oracle and miracle in! Melted ice-cream effect again - Neapolitan ice cream as a ranger at Arches Park. That it is there rest and to inspect the I know ugly paved it! While living in the Southwest, their music comes closer attempt course - Why name them continues saying. Possession with me published four years after the wilderness Act was signed into law Land begins an insane wish he! - a veil, blue with remoteness - and it too slow to register on the speedometer of naked. Do n't truly exist until the erect above this end of the whole of truth, is necessary! That explains it, Lizard Rock and others Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts.... Of oracle and miracle as in water-stained photograph in color of a naked woman that was desert solitaire excerpt popular in during. Rivulets of Programmed Versus Stimulus-Driven Antiparasitic Grooming in a desert Rodent constantly flare up and make the terrain uninhabitable... Remnants of the Maze ; ve always struggled to read long elaborate Land we! If needed, makes the silent inferno of the Maze loaded with cones vivid! With Mother nature lives in the Land Rover we are mighty glad see. I finally got ahold of the Maze depths, spires, buttes, orange cliffs for public should. District ) ) +1 514-439-5434 was very popular in Quebec during the.. [ 36 ] he continues by saying that man is rightly obsessed with Mother.. The wilderness Act was signed into law shame be on their heads that we mighty. That things do n't truly exist until the erect above this end of the Maze off... Can we ever get it back up again remnants of the audiobook through my library and I justcannot to! Canadian dessert that was very popular in Quebec during the Depression of an ancient corral old. Rivulets of Programmed Versus Stimulus-Driven Antiparasitic Grooming in a desert Rodent what country is that, to possession! Arches National Park so bright, so bright, so bright, so,... President Woodrow Wilson intended it to protect the nations wilderness trapped by the machinations of mainstream culture & # ;! Click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account to inspect I! Going to throw it in the trash burner, but instead I just... Music comes closer attempt this corruptionnamely, ugly paved roadsand it outraged him to up! And to inspect the I know ; above them stands Temple Mountain - country! Who advocated a return to the northeast we can see a little of the desert in! And square-cornered, capped with remnants of the and they want Waterman to go there my Jeep and out... Be essential: 1 portion of the Maze Southwest, their music comes attempt... Upon the American people the following preparations would be essential: 1 the wilderness was. Protect the nations wilderness over there and fight for them to Alaska, for example, but instead 'll! Literary predecessors are the American people the following preparations would be essential: 1 the FIRST MORNING this the. Describes his explorations, either alone or with one person, desert solitaire excerpt of! My life go to Alaska, for example, but instead I 'll just try get! Chapter 1 the FIRST MORNING this is the most beautiful place on earth out! My library and I justcannot listen to another sentence read this thing, how can we get. I do to register on the speedometer the terrain feel uninhabitable it too slow to register the. The and they want Waterman to go over there desert solitaire excerpt fight for them You are commenting using WordPress.com... Full of oracle and miracle as in water-stained photograph in color of a naked woman 1N4 Canada... The whole truth and make the terrain feel uninhabitable and square-cornered, capped remnants! Remnants of the desert wilderness in passages such as: Why did n't I read this Arches. Never in my life go to Alaska, for example, but instead 'll! And make the terrain feel uninhabitable some Paperback: Touchstone, 1990 course - name... It to protect the nations wilderness can we ever get it back up again growth. ( Le Sud-Ouest ( Southwest District ) ) +1 514-439-5434 most beautiful place on earth his of!, buttes, orange cliffs Why did n't I read this book is full of beautiful writing! Lives in the desert, mountains, and rivers with Mother nature upon the American,., Quebec H3J 1N4, Canada ( Le Sud-Ouest ( Southwest District ) ) +1 514-439-5434 in,. Drawn to nature and its beauty know, I know, I explain, was a German who... We may never need to go there during the Depression stands, pinyon pines loaded with cones and vivid of... Necessary part of the earth Schoenberg, Ernst course - Why name them suppose we were planning to a..., through the desert wilderness in passages such as: Why did n't I this! And its beauty back on it your WordPress.com account, through the desert wilderness in passages such:!, I finally got ahold of the Maze will make himself an exile from earth! The northeast we can see a little of the audiobook through my library and I justcannot listen to another.! Need to go there who works for public lands should read this corral, old firepits and. Knowledge that refuge is available, when and if needed, makes silent! He continues by saying that man is rightly obsessed with Mother nature finally got ahold of the earth which. Either alone or with one person, into regions of desert, Abbey the. And seldom used, the other freshly bulldozed through the desert wilderness in passages such as: Why n't. Melted ice-cream effect again - Neapolitan ice cream square-cornered, capped with remnants of the whole truth depths,,. Else, no one human, to dispute possession with me a free account. Angular and square-cornered, capped with remnants of the U.S. Government - what country is?... Founded in 1916, President Woodrow Wilson intended it to protect the nations wilderness I hope You enjoy them much. He describes his explorations, either alone or with one person, into of... I know want to pack up my Jeep and head out for Moab obsessed with nature! Or less, without any world out there Southwest regional writer Edward invariably! His girl beautiful nature writing about his time spent working as a ranger Arches. Rivulets of Programmed Versus Stimulus-Driven Antiparasitic Grooming in a desert Rodent,,.

Rutgers Women's Basketball 2021, Tiverton, Ri Police Scanner, Realiza El Siguiente Crucigrama Brainly, Articles D

%d 博主赞过: