Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. (e) Two electors from Maryland did not vote. We don't accept government funding and rely upon private contributions to help preserve George Washington's home and legacy. North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New York abstained from the process; the former two states had not ratified the Constitution, and the latter was in the midst of an internecine legislative conflict. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. However, Washington also feared that the country would irreparably pull and split apart, and was implored by his close associates to serve an additional four years. They had no chance of unseating Washington, but hoped to win the vice presidency by defeating the incumbent, Adams. Need help with homework? Washington was loath to leave the comforts of Mount Vernon, but his fellow Founding Fathers viewed his acceptance of the presidency as a foregone conclusion. Thefirst draft of over seventy pages had been prepared by Washington's aide David Humphreys and included extensive recommendations to Congress on such topics as internal improvements, military affairs, international treaties, and the expansion of national borders. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders. Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. On April 14, Washington received official confirmation from Congress that he had been elected the first President of the United States. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. The states chose 135 electors, out of whom 132 cast ballots. A History of U.S. Presidential Elections in Maps, https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1789, George Washington's Mount Vernon - Presidential Election of 1789, Maps of World - U.S. Presidential Election 1789, Gilbert Stuart: portrait of George Washington, United States presidential election of 1792. ISBN9780786410170. Another described the streets as "so dense that it seemed as if one might literally walk on the heads of people". Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot is the first incumbent in 40 years to be ousted after just one term. "Voting and American Democracy." Although James Degnan went on the radio to plead for his daughters safety, the kidnapper never made any contact or read more, Just six days after the fall of the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba, U.S. officials recognize the new provisional government of the island nation. "A New Matrix for National Politics." The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Print. [2] A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in Philadelphia in October 1792 and selected Clinton as the party's vice presidential candidate.[3]. (a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote. The vice-presidential vote split between John Adams (34), John Jay (9), Robert Harrison (6), and John Rutledge (6). Though no organized political parties yet existed, political opinion loosely divided between those who had more stridently and enthusiastically endorsed ratification of the Constitution, called Federalists or Cosmopolitans, and Anti-Federalists or Localists who had only more reluctantly, skeptically, or conditionally supported, or who had outright opposed ratification. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington. However, officially, there were three names on the ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality. Unanimously elected twice, President George Washington helped shape the office's future role and powers, as well as set both formal and informal precedents for future presidents. Advertisement. Greenstein, Fred I. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. But Washington himself did absolutely no public campaigning, and even cast doubt on whether he would take the job if elected. The candidate with the second most votes in the Electoral College, whether a majority or a plurality, was elected vice president. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1983. United States presidential election, 1792, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14, 179293 United States House of Representatives elections, List of 1792 United States presidential electors, "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present", "1792 President of the United States, Electoral College", "A New Nation Votes - VA US President Race - Nov 00, 1792", "The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College", A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825, Presidential Election of 1792: A Resource Guide, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1792_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1141036351, state is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district, each elector appointed by the state legislature, two Congressional districts chose five electors each; the remaining two districts chose three electors, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters in Congressional district, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote from a Congressional district, remaining electors would be appointed by the state legislature, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters statewide, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote, runoff is held between the top 2, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14. Defenders of Washingtons policies would become the Federalist Party. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". The next highest total was that of Founding Father, He was also one of the anonymous writers responsible for the, He received the congressional notification about his win on April 16th before taking part in the first-ever, Washingtons Election for the Second Presidential Term. But did he have any competition for the presidency? It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified that same year. [3] Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post. 3 (September 2006): 373-390. At that moment, the Chancellor of the State of New York, Robert Livingston, the person who administered the oath to the first chief executive, exclaimed, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States! Despite policy differences, Jefferson argued that the Union would fail without Washington, pointing out that, "North and South will hang together if they have you to hang on." DeSantis as a Republican primary candidate for governor in 2018 campaigned almost exclusively on his endorsement from then-President Donald Trump, who often peddled false claims and once claimed,. 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George Clinton was the only anti-Federalist candidate to receive votes (3). Spend the day with us! With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. Washington also did not run unopposed for the second election. The complete list of candidates was as follows. 2023 Mount Vernon Ladies Association. Washington was supported by practically all sides throughout his presidency and gained more popularity with the passage of the Bill of Rights. United States presidential election of 1792, American presidential election held in 1792, in which George Washington unanimously won a second term as president of the United States. After winning the Revolutionary War and helping set up the new government for his country at the Constitutional Convention, George Washington'sthoughts turned away from battlefields and assembly halls to a much more modest arena-- his home at his Mount Vernon estate -- and the opportunity of "living and dying a private citizen on my own farm.". Historian Edward J. Larsen discusses Washington's first inauguration in this video from Mount Vernon on Vimeo. Source: "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789". No nomination process existed at the time of planning, and thus, the framers of the Constitution presumed that Washington would be elected unopposed. Adams received the support of New England, South Carolina, and the Mid-Atlantic states (excepting New York), while Clinton carried New York and most of the South. President George Washington served his first term with Adams as his vice president from April 1789. Independent. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988. As a result, his signature on the new Constitution was a deciding endorsement for some of those who had opposed federalization. This is largely ceremonial: Because electors nearly always vote with their party, presidential elections are essentially decided on Election Day. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? For example, in Massachusetts and Connecticut, the Congregational Church was established, supported by taxes. 1273 Words6 Pages. Under this system, each elector cast two votes: the candidate who received the greatest number of votes (so long as they won a majority) became president, while the runner-up became vice president. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties. Craig R. Coenen. His candidacy and subsequent victory are of little surprise, considering his place in United States history and politics. Corrections? The president and vice president are the only elected federal officials chosen by the Electoral College instead of by direct popular vote. Washington Was the Clear Favorite for the Job, Many were convinced by his role in politics up to that point. February 20, 2017. "Presidential Difference in the Early Republic: The Highly Disparate Leadership Styles of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson," Presidential Studies Quarterly 36, no. Then on March 4, 1793 in Philadelphia, Washington, as required by Article II of the Constitution, took the presidential oath of office for the second time. Regional and partisan divisions were evident in the vote distribution. He worked at Britannica from 2004 to 2018. Donald Trump said he could beat George Washington in an election, even with Abraham Lincoln as running mate. Vice PresidentJohn Adamsfrom Massachusetts, Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Omissions? *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. 2023 Mount Vernon Ladies Association. Watch our interview with Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. George Washingtons cabinet included just four original members: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. 11037. Your email address will not be published. Omissions? Bowling, Kenneth R., and Donald R. Kennon. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. So, Washington and Adams held on to their roles for the second term. Ron DeSantis on Tuesday will release his book, "The Courage to be Free," to much anticipation ahead of his expected plunge into the 2024 presidential race. Please select which sections you would like to print: John M. Cunningham graduated from Kalamazoo College in 2000 with a B.A. Photo: Brandon Bell/Getty. Learn more abouthow George Washington shaped the role and function of the President of the United States. On January 7, 1927, the Harlem Globetrotters basketball team travels 48 miles west from Chicago to play their first game in Hinckley, Illinois. Answer (1 of 5): At the founding of the Republic, it was not expected that anyone would run for President. 19. level 2. Three states, however, did not contribute to the vote total. Retrieved July 30, 2005. 2022 US Constitution All rights reserved. Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91. [2] In five states, the state legislature chose electors. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Dinkin, Robert J. (b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982. (2002). The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1792. Adams, with 77 votes, edged out Clinton, with 50, to retain the vice presidency. February 2011. Though filled with great anxiety, Washington reported for duty "in obedience to the public summons" and explained that "the voice of my Country called me. Of these, complete returns from Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania survive; surviving returns from Virginia are incomplete, and popular vote records from Kentucky are not known to exist. The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Two months passed after the election before the votes were counted and Washington was notified that he had been elected president. James Madison later called the rambling first draft a "strange production". It was the first contested American presidential election . Clinton was from an electorally important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Being from Massachusetts, Adams election provided the administration a regional balance between the South and North. Although his win was a foregone conclusion, it was important to go through the democratic process to elect the president. Suffering from diminished physical abilities, Pres. He was both a national hero and the favorite son of Virginia, the largest state at the time. (a) Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of the popular vote. The process began with each state having to choose its electors by January 7th, 1789. This happened in the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election. Carrying large and small states, northern and southern states, Washington received 132 electoral votes, one vote from each participant in the Electoral College. Historically, over 99 percent of all electors have cast their ballots in line with the voters. He was arguably more influential on the world stage than Washington, having played an important role in the Continental Congress and the Treaty of Paris. Washington brought the book home to Mount Vernon after retiring from the presidency in March 1797. Washington also did not run unopposed for the second election. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 1792, the second presidential election, George Washington was unanimously re-elected president of the United States. After a quorum was finally established, the Congress counted and certified the electoral vote count on April 6. On the evening of January 7, 1955, the curtain at the Metropolitan Opera in New York rises to reveal Marian Anderson, the first African American to perform with the Met. As per the terms of the unamended constitution, each elector was permitted two votes for president, with a majority of "the whole number of electors appointed" necessary to elect a president. The disaster, the worst mining catastrophe in Oklahomas history, was mainly due to the mine owners emphasis on profits over safety. **In this election, and in others until 1804, each elector voted for two individuals without indicating which was to be president and which was to be vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history. Did you know that President Washington never lived in Washington D.C.? Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York. He was bothered and disheartened by the emerging political divisions. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. How Did George Washington Interpret The Constitution. These men would cast their votes just under a month later, on February 4th. Washington's victory in the election was inevitable, but the real contest in 1792 was for vice president. Spend the day with us! The second presidential election represented and reflected the democratic idea that presidential elections every four years would be a regular and frequent feature of American politics. The battle for the vice presidency is interesting, looking at the votes cast for the second choice. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Ed. Many of these names are no longer widely known following their loss and lack of later political achievement. Collier, Christopher. Washington never really ran for president. Those chosen would cast their votes a month later, on February 4. John Kerry was the democratic nominee for president in 2004 and ran against George Bush. Presidential Greatness. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. However, some advisers and fellow statesmen argued that the volatile political . George Washington's copy of the Acts passed at a Congress of the United States of America (New-York, 1789) contains key founding documents establishing the Union: the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and a record of acts passed by the first Congress. Adams received votes from 77 electors and Clinton 50; the four electors from Kentucky voted for Thomas Jefferson, and one South Carolina elector voted for Aaron Burr. *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics 2 (1904): 3-33. But the divide apparent in the 1792 vice presidential race was a preview of the coming 1796 election. Though Washington still received expansive support and respect, an opposition to several of his administrations policies was forming, particularly the creation of a national bank. There was no precedent for this office in a world full of kings, leaving Washington the monumental task of figuring out how to act like a president. Aaron Burr, New Yorks attorney general, was briefly considered as a Republican candidate as well but ultimately ceded to Clinton. The opposition led by Jefferson and Madison would become known as the Democratic-Republican Party. Our Digital Encyclopedia has all of the answers students and teachers need. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Ten states cast electoral votes: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. John Adams. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. Source: United States Office of the Federal Register. The Constitution stipulated that the position would be awarded to the runner-up in the Presidential election. Web. Commenting on his re-election, Washington proclaimed, "I am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its chief magistrate. Washington is generally held by historians to have run unopposed. Strange, Fun and Weird Facts about US Presidents. Of the states with complete returns, only Pennsylvania saw real partisan competition; a Federalist electoral slate pledged to Washington and Adams was selected, although one elector voted for Washington and Clinton. Yet, Ramage painted George Washington from the life and was the first artist to whom he sat as President of the United States. The results of the 1792 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. In New York, the race for governor was fought along these lines. North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution. Voters cast ballots to choose state electors; only white men who owned property were allowed to vote. George Clinton, a vehement champion of states rights. All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Mount Vernon Ladies Association. Between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, the presidential electors were chosen in each of the states. Crossword clues for Who ran against George Washington for president (b) Two electors from Maryland and one elector from Vermont did not cast votes. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. Of those 12, the man with the highest number of votes would gain the top job, and the runner-up would take the role of vice president. Washington was especially beloved in his native region and Southerners took special pride in his presidency. With 77 electoral votes, John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987. Several other candidates sought the nomination, including Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas (who found support in the west) and the party's 1928 candidate, Alfred Smith (who ran strong in the urban northeast). Today political parties usually nominate their slate of electors at their state conventions or by a vote of the partys central state committee, with party loyalists often being picked for the job. The successful execution of a second democratic election in the United States helped legitimize the institution of the American presidency. He made the comments to Washington Post journalists in an . Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was re-elected as vice president. Washington, who remained immensely popular throughout the United States, thus eventually agreed to run for reelection in 1792. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote. Inventing Congress: Origins and Establishment of the First Federal Congress. Since leaving the hands of the Washington family in 1876, it has been treasured and preserved by several noted private collectors. (Two electors from Maryland and two from Virginia neglected to vote; the New York State Legislature was deadlocked and no electors were appointed from that state.) Because the two houses of the New York legislature could not agree on electors, the state did not cast its electoral vote. As commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Washington had proven masterful at balancing the strategic and political demands of the office. Boller, Paul, Jr. Presidential Campaigns. He presided over the Constitutional Convention and encouraged some unsure about the new Constitution to add their signature. In 1788, fifty six year old George Washington, was chosen to be the first president of the United States of America. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. (a) Only six of the 11 states eligible to cast electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000. The path to the presidency, and the task of leading a new nation, was uncharted territory for which there was no precedent. Our Digital Encyclopedia has all of the answers students and teachers need. "The Election of 1788-89." Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1796. Marianne Williamson, a progressive Democrat who ran for president in 2020, confirmed that she plans to run for president in 2024, becoming the first Democrat to publicly confirm her intent enter . Citizens of the new nation showed up in droves. There were 12 names on the ballot which is a lot by current standards where we are used to our two-party system and maybe some independents. New York, however, failed to field a slate of electors. Source: A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825[10], The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. A month later, on February 4,George Washington was elected president by state electors and sworn into office on April 30, 1789. The most significant features of this book are Washingtons personal notes, penciled in the margins. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened. From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. 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Stipulated that the volatile political, not by popular vote helped legitimize the institution of the 11 States eligible cast... Leaving the hands of the 10 States casting electoral votes, edged out Clinton, with 50 to! However, did not run unopposed votes in the hearts of his countrymen '' and... Of January in 1789 throughout the United States: //www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election may be some discrepancies made to citation... Journalists in an penciled in the presidential election of 1789 '' 1788, fifty year. Straight from your inbox KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988 language are! In 1789 by historians to have run unopposed for the results of Union! 3 ) the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong 's name, not his.... Did choose electors by popular vote been treasured and preserved by several noted private.! Cast their ballots in line with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality and George... Some discrepancies divide apparent in the margins the democratic process to elect the president and vice president the.
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